The same thing happened in the Middle East, with the creation of Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, which were all part of a great barbecue divided up by the French and British as spoils of war. Q: How are the problems in the Middle East traced back to World War I?ДЄ: The war led to the Ottoman EmpireвЂ™s collapse and the establishment of a new invented state, Iraq, created by the British out of Mesopotamia and Kurdish-occupied areas for its oil resources. didnвЂ™t get involved until it was attacked in 1941. ThatвЂ™s one of the reasons why war broke out in September 1939 and the U.S. When Hitler was rearming Europe and fascism was spreading, the response inside Congress was to pass the Neutrality Acts to make sure the United States would not be dragged into another war. never signed the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the League of Nations, even though it was an idea put forward by the American president. He said we needed a return to normalcy, and so the U.S. ThatвЂ™s what Warren Harding meant in his inaugural address in 1921.

The result of the war was AmericaвЂ™s retreat from the world, a retreat to isolationism. Van Duyn World War I Collection, courtesy of the Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University Libraries Army hospital in France, took the photo after driving with a colleague past вЂњNo-mans LandвЂќ and abandoned German trenches to reach the city. Syracuse University medical school graduate Edward S. To many Americans, especially many ethnic groups, German-, Irish- and Italian-Americans, it looked like a victorвЂ™s peace because so many people in Germany, Italy and Ireland were unhappy about the peace treaty.ДЇrench Marshal Ferdinand Foch, commander of the Allied forces, enters the city of Metz, Germany, (later reverted back to France after decades of German occupation) the day after Armistice Day in 1918. The president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, promised this would be a war to end all wars and would be followed with a peace without victory. Q: How was the United States shaped by the war?ДЄ: The response to the war in the United States was resentment about what many people feel was a failed peace effort at Versailles. But the casualties list in the Great War was a major reason for appeasement. For example, some European leaders had such a fear of the Soviet Union that they saw HitlerвЂ™s Germany as a bulwark against the spread of hated communism. There are other reasons why they did that. So when Hitler began to rearm Europe, instead of responding, the British and French wanted to avoid conflict at all costs. The war brought about such bitterness about the nature of war because it went on for so long and had enormous casualties-for example, the French had 1.39 million military deaths in a nation of 40 million and the British had almost 800,000 dead.

вЂњThe lamps are going out all over Europe, we shall not see them lit again in our life-time,вЂќ British Lord Grey said. It shattered the secure, ordered life of Edwardian England, and people said after the war that the same sense of stability would never be there again. He was dedicated to the proposition that he would wipe away the вЂњstain of Versailles,вЂќ which was the peace conference after the war. It resulted in, inevitably, World War II and another revolution in Germany, which brought Hitler to power. It led to the Russian Revolution, the collapse of the German Empire and the collapse of the Hapsburg Monarchy, and it led to the restructuring of the political order in Europe and in other parts of the world, particularly in the Middle East. Meredith Professor and Professor Emeritus David H.

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